[en] Europe's High Population Density Zones

Have you heard of The Blue Banana? According to Wikipedia, it is “a discontinuous corridor of urbanisation” that spans from Wales to Northern Italy and passes through densely populated areas of the Benelux countries and Germany:

source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_Banana.svg

I wanted to examine the Blue Banana in more detail. So I found this map that shows the population density of Europe's NUTS 3 regions:

source: https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/7tcv83/population_density_in_europe/

Based on this map, I have identified contiguous high population density zones in Europe – regions entirely composed of blue and black areas on the map above. And here they are, Europe's largest high-density zones:

High Density Zones of Central Europe

1. The Rhine+ Zone 

This is the central core zone of the Blue Banana. It is one of the the largest multi-national agglomerations in the world. The zone roughly follows the course of the Rhine river from Lake Constance to the Randstad. However, the 24 most populous cities of Europe are not included in the Rhine+ Zone.

Area: 161,381 km² (62,310 sq mi)
Population: 72.6 million
Cities: Brussels, Cologne, Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Rotterdam
Countries:

• all of Liechtenstein

• 96% of the population and 90% of the area of the Netherlands, a few northeastern regions excluded 
• excluding the COROP regions Zeeuws Vlaanderen, Zuidwest-Friesland, Noord-Drenthe, Oost-Groningen, Delfzijl en omgeving
• 83% of the population and 56% of the area of Belgium, in Brussels, almost all of Flanders, and parts of Wallonia 
• excluding the Flemish arrondissement of Veurne
• including the Walloon arrondissements of Charleroi, Liège, Mons, Mouscron, Soignies, Tournai, Waremme
• 52% of the population and 24% of the area of Switzerland, mostly in the German-speaking north 
• including the cantons of Aargau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Basel Landschaft, Basel Stadt, Luzern, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, Thurgau, Zug, Zürich
• 43% of the population and 21% of the area of Germany, mostly in the west and south-west 
• Baden-Württemberg without BC; FDS, KÜN, MOS, SHA, RV, RW, SIG, TBB, UL, WT
• Hessen without Odenwaldkreis, Vogelsbergkreis, Regierungsbezirk Kassel
• Niedersachsen including only H, HI, HM, BS, PE, SHG, SZ and the city of Osnabrück
• Nordrhein/Westfalen without Kreis Euskirchen, Hochsauerlandkreis, Kreis Höxter
• Rheinland-Pfalz including only AK, AZ, DÜW, FT, GER, KO, LU, MYK, MZ, NR, NW, SP, WO, WW
• 9% of the population and 3% of the area of France, at the Belgian and German borders
• including the départements Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin, Nord, Pas-de-Calais, Territoire-de-Belfort
• 3% of the population and 0.9% of the area of Austria, in the far west of the country 
• including Bezirke Dornbirn and Feldkirch, parts of Bezirk Bregenz

 

2. The English-Welsh Zone

This is the northwestern or British part of the Blue Banana. Britain being an island, it is not really contiguous to nearby France and Belgium.

Area: 74,344 km² (28,704 sq mi)
Population: 48.1 million
Cities: London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield
Country: United Kingdom 

• 83% of the population and 53% of the area of England, mostly in the west and south

• East without Breckland, North/South/West Norfolk
• East Midlands without Lincolnshire 
• Greater London
• North-West without Cumbria
• West Midlands without Herefordshire and Shropshire
• South-East
• South-West including only Bath and North East Somerset, Bristol, Gloucestershire, North Somerset, South Gloucestershire, Swindon
• Yorkshire and the Humber without East and North Yorkshire
• 61% of the population and 20% of the area of Wales, mostly in the far south and north-east
• including Blaenau Bridgend, Gwent, Caerphilly, Cardiff, Flintshire, Monmouthshire, Neath Port Talbot, Newport, Swansea, Torfaen, Valley of Glamorgan, Wrexham

3. The North Italian Zone

The southern (mostly Italian) part of the Blue Banana is almost contiguous. It actually consists of four subzones that are separated by only a few kilometers:

• The Milan–Venice Zone with a population of 14.3 million on 32,583 km² (12,580 sq mi)
• The Bologna–Florence Zone with a population of 4.2 million on 17,158 km² (6,625 sq mi)
• The Genoa–Nice–Monaco Zone with a population of 2.7 million on 9,717 km² (3,752 sq mi)
• The Turin Zone with a population of 2.4 million on 7,740 km² (2,988 sq mi)

Area: 67,198 km² (25,945 sq mi)
Population: 23.6 million
Cities: Milano, Torino, Genova, Bologna, Firenze

Countries:  

• all of Monaco
• 37% of the population and 21% of the area of Italy, all in the north, of course
• Emilia-Romagna including BO, MO, RA, RE
• all of Liguria
• Lombardia without MN, SO
• Piemonte including BI, NO, TO
• Toscana including FI, LU, PO, PT
• Veneto without BL, RO
• 1.6% of the population and 0.7% of the area of France, at the Italian border
• département Alpes-Maritimes only 

 

1–3 The Blue Banana combined

If you combine the English-Welsh Zone, the Rhine+ Zone and the North Italian zone, you get a non-contiguous area with the following features.

Area: 303,849 km² (117,317 sq mi)
Population: 145 million

Cities: London, Milan, Brussels, Birmingham, Cologne
Countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Netherlands, San Marino, Switzerland, United Kingdom

4. Istanbul

Area: 25,556 km² (9,867 sq mi), 14% of which is in Europe, 86% in Asia
Population: 21 million, 46% of which is in Europe, 54% in Asia

Cities: İstanbul, Bursa, Adapazarı, İzmit, Gebze
Country: Turkey (provinces Bursa, İstanbul, Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova)

The zone covers 26% of the population and 3% of the area of Turkey.

5. Valencia

Area: 21,617 km² (8,346 sq mi)
Population: 5.5 million

Cities: València/Valencia, Palma, Alacant/Alicante, Elx/Elche, Castelló(n) de la Plana

Country: Spain (provinces of Alicante, Valencia and the Balearic Islands).

6. Rome–Naples

Area: 16,403 km² (6,333 sq mi)
Population: 10 million

Cities: Roma, Napoli, Salerno, Latina, Giugliano

Countries: Italy (provinces Caserta, Latina, Napoli, Roma, Salerno), Vatican City

7. Sicilian Zone

Area: 15,597 km² (6,022 sq mi)
Population: 3.7 million

Cities: Palermo, Catania, Messina, Siracusa

Country: Italy (provinces of Catania, Messina, Palermo, Ragusa, Siracusa)

8. Upper Silesian Zone

Area: 14,711 km² (5,680 sq mi)
Population: 5.2 million

Cities: Katowice, Ostrava, Sosnowiec, Gliwice, Bytom
Countries: 

• In Poland, it contains the Upper Silesian Voivodeship (województwo śląskie) with the exception of the Częstochowa area. It makes up 11% of the population and 3% of the area of Poland.
• In Czechia, it contains the Moravian-Silesian Region (moravskoslezský kraj), which has 11% of the population and 7% of the area of the Czech Republic.

9. Apulian Zone

Area: 12,533 km² (4,839 sq mi)
Population: 3.4 million

Cities: Bari, Taranto, Andria, Lecce, Barletta

Country: Italy (Metroplitan City of Bari, provinces of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Brindisi, Lecce, Taranto)

10. Paris

Area: 12,012 km² (4,638 sq mi)
Population: 12 million

Cities: Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, Saint-Denis, Argenteuil, Montreuil

Country: France (région Île-de-France) .

11. Geneva

Area: 10,355 km² (3,998 sq mi)
Population: 2.6 million

Cities: Genève, Annecy, Lausanne, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Fribourg

Countries: Switzerland (cantons de  Fribourg, Genève, Neuchâtel, Vaud), France (département Haute-Savoie).

12. Moscow 

Area: 9,648 km² (3,725 sq mi)
Population: 14.7 million

Cities: Москва (Moscow), Балашиха (Balashikha), Химки (Khimki), Подольск (Podolsk)

Country: Russia (City of Moscow and parts of the Moscow Oblast)

13. Porto

Area: 9,353 km² (3,611 sq mi)
Population: 3 million

Cities: Vila Nova de Gaia, Porto, Braga, Guimarães, Vila Nova de Famalicão

Country: Portugal (Comunidades Intermunicipais do Alto Tâmega, Ave, Cávado e da Região de Aveiro as well as the Área Metropolitana do Porto)

14. Madrid

Area: 8,028 km² (3,100 sq mi)
Population: 6.5 million

Cities: Madrid, Móstoles, Fuenlabrada, Alcalá de Henares, Leganés
Country: Spain (comunidad de Madrid)

15. Barcelona

Area: 7,728 km² (2,984 sq mi)
Population: 3.6 million

Cities: Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Badalona, Terrassa, Sabadell

Country: Catalonia/Spain (provincia de Barcelona)

16. Málaga

Area: 7,309 km² (2,822 sq mi)
Population: 1.7 million

Cities: Málaga, Marbella, Vélez-Málaga, Mijas, Fuengirola

Country: Spain (provincia de Málaga)

17. Budapest

Area: 6,915 km² (2,670 sq mi)

Population: 3 million

Cities: Budapest, Érd, Dunakeszi, Cegléd, Szigetszentmiklós
Country: Hungary (Budapest főváros, Pest megye)

18. Nantes

Area: 6,815 km² (2,631 sq mi)

Population: 1.4 million

Cities: Nantes, St-Nazaire, St-Herblain, Rezé, St-Sébastien-sur-Loire

Country: France (département Loire-Atlantique)

19. Thessaloniki

Area: 6,779 km² (2,617 sq mi)

Population: 1.1 million
Cities: Θεσσαλονίκη (Thessaloniki), Εύοσμος (Evosmos), Σταυρούπολη (Stavroupoli), Καλαμαριά (Kalamaria), Συκιές (Sykies)
Country: Greece (Περιφερειακή Ενότητα Θεσσαλονίκης = Thessaloniki Subregion)

20. Toulouse

Area: 6,309 km² (2,436 sq mi)

Population: 1.4 million

Cities:Toulouse, Colomiers, Tournefeuille, Muret, Blagnac
Country: France (département Haute-Garonne)

21. Le Havre

Area: 6,278 km² (2,424 sq mi)

Population: 1.3 million

Cities: Le Havre, Rouen, Dieppe, Sotteville, St-Étienne-du-Rouvray
Country: France (département Seine-Maritime)

22. Montpellier

Area: 6,101 km² (2,356 sq mi)
Population: 1.1 million

Cities: Montpellier, Béziers, Sète, Agde, Lunel

Country: France (département Hérault)

23. Scottish Zone

Area: 5,630 km² (2,174 sq mi)

Population: 3 million

Cities: Glasgow, Edinburgh, Paisley, Livingston, Dunfermline

Country: Scotland/United Kingdom (Clachmannanshire, East Dunbartonshire, East Lothian, East Renfrewshire, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow, Helensburgh and Lomond, Inverclyde, Midlothian, North Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, West Dunbartonshire, West Lothian)

24. Saar–Lux

Area: 5,543 km² (2,140 sq mi)

Population: 1.7 million

Cities: Saarbrücken, Luxembourg, Neunkirchen, Homburg, Völklingen

Countries: 

• all of Luxembourg
• Germany (Land Saarland, Stadt Zweibrücken)
• Belgium (arrondissement d'Arlon)

25. Marseille

Area: 5,088 km² (1,964 sq mi)
Population: 2 million
Cities: Marseille, Aix-en-Provence, Arles, Martigues, Salon-de-Provence
Country: France (département Bouches-du-Rhône)

26. Hamburg

Area: 5,060 km² (1,954 sq mi)

Population: 3.2 million

Cities: Hamburg, Lübeck, Neumünster, Norderstedt, Elmshorn
Country: Germany (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Landkreis Harburg, Städte Lübeck und Neumünster, Kreise Pinneberg, Segeberg, Stormarn)

27. Warsaw

Area: 4,821 km² (1,862 sq mi)

Population: 0.94 million

Cities: Warszawa, Łomianki, Ożarów Mazowiecki, Błonie

Country: Poland (Miasto Warszawa, Warszawski-zachodni)

28. Vigo

Area: 4,495 km² (1,736 sq mi)

Population: 0.94 million

Cities: Vigo, Pontevedra, Villagarcía de Arosa, Redondela, Cangas de Morrazo

Country: Spain (provincia de Pontevedra)

29. Basque Zone

Area: 4,196 km² (1,620 sq mi)

Population: 1.8 million

Cities: Bilbo/Bilbao, Donostia/San Sebastián, Barakaldo/Baracaldo, Getxo/Guecho, Irun/Irún

Country: Spain (Bizkaiko eta Gipuzkoako probintziak = provincias de Vizcaya y Guipúzcoa)

30. Vienna–Bratislava

Area: 3,944 km² (1,523 sq mi)

Population: 2.9 million

Cities: Wien, Bratislava, Baden, Pezinok, Mödling

Countries: Austria (Land Wien, Region Wiener Umland / Südteil), Slovakia (Bratislavský kraj)

Other Zones with >1000 km²:

31. Priština–Prizren, Kosovo (pop. 0.81 million)
32. Munich, Bayern, Germany (pop. 2.6 million)
33. Stockholm, Sweden (pop. 2.3 million)
34. Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK (pop. 2.3 million)
35. Lyon, France (pop. 1.9 million)
36. Lisbon, Portugal (pop. 2.8 million)
37. Chemnitz–Zwickau, Sachsen, Germany (pop. 0.91 million)
38. Bydgosz–Toruń, Cuiavia-Pomerania, Poland (pop. 0.77 million)
39. Athens, Attica, Greece (pop. 3.6 million)
40. Ljubljana, Slovenia (pop. 0.54 million)
41. Nuremberg, Bayern, Germany (pop. 1.2 million)
42. Copenhagen, Denmark (pop. 1.8 million)
43. Ancona, Marche, Italy (pop. 0.47 million)
44. Bucharest, Romania (pop. 2.3 million)
45. Linz, Austria (pop. 0.59 million)
46. Salzburg, Austria (pop. 0.36 million) 
47. Kiev, Ukraine (pop. 3.3 million)
48. Tirana, Albania (pop. 0.9 million)
49. Yerevan, Armenia (pop. 1.3 million)
50. Saint Petersburg, Russia (pop. 4.9 million)
51. Sofia, Bulgaria (pop. 1.3 million)
52. Graz, Austria (pop. 0.44 million)
53. Pescara, Abruzzo, Italy (pop. 0.32 million)
54. Kassel–Göttingen, Germany (pop. 0.45 million)
55. Augsburg, Bayern, Germany (pop. 0.54 million)
56. Livorno, Toscana, Italy (pop. 0.34 million)
57. Berlin, Germany (pop. 3.8 million)

[en] Average National Flags

For statistical purposes, the United Nations have divided the world into 5 regions and 22 subregions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme

In this post, we are having a closer look at the national flags of the countries in the various regions and subregions, and what they have in common. I have weighted the countries based on their population.

The Americas

To illustrate, allow me to start in the upper left corner of the map, Northern America:
There are only two independent countries in this subregions, Canada and the United States of America. 90% of the subregions' population is in the United States, 10% in Canada. The U.S. flag has 50 stars and 13 stripes, the Canadian flag has 1 maple leaf and 3 stripes. That makes an average of 45 stars, 0 maple leaves, 12 stripes:

Northern America

Continuing south in the Americas, the most populous country of Central America is Mexico, which has a green-white-red tricolour. Most Central American countries have a coat of arms in the centre, so I put an average looking non-Mexican coat of arms in the white band:

Central America

In the Caribbean, I didn't count the dependent territories of various European nations. Only independent countries count for the Average National Flag. 86% of their population is in Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Their dominant colours are the same as the United States', but they are arranged in a different way:

Caribbean

The most populous country of South America is Brazil. Several South American nations have one or more stars or a sun in their flag. Blue is slightly more dominant than yellow in the average South American flag:

South America

If you combine all of these—again weighted by population—, you can an average flag for the Americas that has three different colours. White and red are the most common flag colours in the Americas. The third most common is green, so the average flag looks like a mixture of the USA and Brazil flags:

Americas

Europe

Continuing on the northeastern side of the Atlantic Ocean, we get to Northern Europe. The UN consider the British Isles to be part of Northern Europe, which is why the Union Jack dominates the average flag of the subregion. The average number of crosses is lower than in the Union Jack, though:

Northern Europe

Western Europe is dominated by Germany and France. Their neighbours have similar tricolours. Hence the average flag is a kind of double tricolour:

Western Europe

In Eastern Europe, Russia is as populous as the other countries combined. Most of those other countries use the same "Pan-Slavic colours". Experts will realize the ratio of the average flag is slightly longer than the 3:2 used by the Russian Federation:

Eastern Europe

Most countries in Southern Europe have a tricolour of two or three distinct colours. Italy's green and Spain's yellow are not as common as are red and white. Thus the average flag looks like Austria's, although that country is not considered to be part of the subregion:

Southern Europe

Overall, the tricolour is the most frequent flag design in all of Europe. Red is the most frequent colour, followed by white and blue:

Europe

Africa

Europe's southern neighbour, Northern Africa, has a similar average flag. It is not a coincidence that the colours are those of Egypt, the subregion's most populous country:

Northern Africa

More than half of Western Africans live in Nigeria. One or both of the two colours of Nigeria's national flag are found in almost every Western African flag:

Western Africa

In the same way, Middle Africa is dominated by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Red is not as common as yellow in the other countries' flags, so I changed the colours of the band in the middle to create the average Middle African flag:

Middle Africa

Eastern Africa is a more diverse subregion. The "Pan-African colours" dominate that part of the world:

Eastern Africa

The continent's least populous subregion is Southern Africa, dominated by the Republic of South Africa. The colour percentages in the average subregion flag are different from the RSA's flag:

Southern Africa

The average flag for the whole African continent has 4 stripes of the 3 most commonly used colours:

Africa

Asia

Moving on to the largest and most populous continent on Earth, Asia. Western Asia, also known as the Middle East, is made up of 19 countries. The most populous of them are Turkey, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Beside Turkey's red and white, the prophet Mohammed's green is important to many Western Asian national flags, but only Turkey and Azerbaijan have crescents in their flags, so I did not include that:

Western Asia

Uzbekistan is the dominating nation in Central Asia. The average flag has a reduced number of stars, and the stars are arranged in the same way as in the Tajik flag:

Central Asia

Southern Asia is basically India and neighbours. With a population of more than one billion, India's tricolour is the basis for the average Southern Asian flag. Pakistan and Bangladesh use more green, so I coloured the wheel green:

Southern Asia

Red is the dominant colour in Southeastern Asia. White and blue are quite common, too. Thanks to the Philippines and Vietnam, the average South-East Asian flag has one star:

Southeastern Asia

The People's Republic of China is the largest country in Eastern Asia. Because white dominates the flags of both Japan and the Republic of Korea, I have coloured the stars white. The average number of stars is smaller than the PRC's:

Eastern Asia

The average flag for the whole Asian continent, from Istanbul to Tokyo, is mostly red (as in China), with lots of white and green (as in India). The average Asian flag has two stars. Note that the Western Asian flag uses Turkey's shade of red and Saudi Arabia's shade of green, whereas the pan-Asian flag uses China's shade of red and India's shade of green:

Asia

Oceania

Oceania is the smallest and least populous of the UN regions. Its westernmost subregion consists of two countries with similar flags, Australia and New Zealand:

Australia & New Zealand

More than 4/5 of Melanesians live in Papua New Guinea. The subregion's average flag has one less star, which I have coloured in the sky blue of Fiji. Most British-based ensigns have a ration of 1:2, whereas the PNG flag has a 3:4 ratio, making it appear almost square in comparison:

Melanesia

Micronesia consists of five countries whose total population is less than that of cities like Coventry, England or Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They have unusual flag designs, though. The average flag is a mix of Kiribati's and the FSM's:

Micronesia

Since I don't count the French possessions, Polynesia only consists of Samoa, Tonga and Tuvalu, although the latter hardly counts for the average:

Polynesia

Almost 2/3 of all Oceania's population is in Australia. The fact that the average Oceanian flag looks more like New Zealand's is due to the dominance of the red colour and the average number and shape of the stars:

Oceania

Antarctica

Antarctica, the southern continent, has an official flag. But as there is no independent country on the continent, and the only human population are researchers, I did not include it here.

Global Average, 2018

And now for The Average World Flag. The average national flag of a UN member state, weighted by population, has three colours, two or three stripes, four stars. The average width/length ratio is about 7:11 or 1:1.57. Red is by far the most common colour, followed by white and green. Blue is the 4th most common colour, but most flags do not have more than 3 colours:

Average National Flag, Earth, 2018

Yes, it is a mix of China and India, the world's most populous countries.